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Securely delete<h2 id="tails">Use Tails to avoid saving files</h2>
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To better protect from data recovery, you can use one or a combination of these mitigation techniques, depending on the sensitivity of your data and the risks.
 
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Given the limitations described above, there is no perfect solution to file deletion.
 
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<h1 id="mitigation">Mitigation techniques</h1>
 
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<p>Specialized data recovery companies can recover data from spare cells.</p>
 
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These spare cells are managed directly by the device and neither the user nor the operating system can control what is stored in them.
 
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Any data that was stored in the device can remain available in these spare cells.
 
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Flash memory devices, such as USB sticks and SSDs (Solid-State Drives), have *spare memory cells* that are used to replace broken memory cells over time. Modern hard disks also integrate small flash memories for performance and reliability.
 
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<h2 id="spare">Spare memory cells can store a hidden copy of the data</h2>
 
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Modern operating systems can store a *journal*, a history of recent changes to the file system, or *snapshots*, an image of the file system at a particular point in time.
 
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Some applications, for example, office applications, store temporary backup versions of the file to be able to recover from failures.
 
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Other copies of the data might exist elsewhere on the device:
 
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<h2 id="copy">Other copies of the data might be stored elsewhere</h2>
 
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<p>Simple data recovery tools can recover deleted files.</p>
 
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<div class="note">
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Instead, operating systems only mark the space that was used by the deleted file as available for future files, because it is much faster to do. However, the content of the deleted file remains on the device until the operating system reuses the space for another file.
 
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Operating systems do not actually remove the content of a file when the file is deleted, even after emptying the trash or removing the file from the command line.
**Операционные системы фактически не удаляют содержимое файла при его
удалении**, даже после очистки корзины или явного удаления файла, например, из
командной строки.
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**Operating systems do not actually remove the contents of a file when ithe file is
deleted**, even after emptying the trash or explicitly removing the file, from
the command line for example.
.
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<h2 id="delete">Deleting a file does not erase its content</h2>
 
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